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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes
05:12

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Published on: May 20, 2011

Triathlon and the multisport athlete

D J Cipriani1, J D Swartz, C M Hodgson

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008, USA.

The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
|January 24, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Triathlon training offers fitness variety but can cause cumulative cross-training injuries. This review examines triathlon injuries, presents survey data, and offers injury management strategies for athletes.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Athletic Training

Background:

  • Triathlon, encompassing swimming, cycling, and running, is a growing sport with diverse participants.
  • Multisport training offers fitness benefits and injury cross-training advantages.
  • However, cumulative effects of cross-training can lead to unique injury patterns in triathletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on triathlon training and associated injuries.
  • To present findings from a local triathlon club injury incidence survey.
  • To compare these findings with previously published data.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on triathlon training and injuries.
  • Survey of a local triathlon club to assess injury incidence.

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  • Comparative analysis of survey data with published studies.
  • Main Results:

    • The study outlines common training conditions for triathletes.
    • Injury incidence data from the local club is presented.
    • Comparisons are drawn between the local survey and broader published findings.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding training loads is crucial for triathlete injury prevention.
    • The paper provides insights into injury management strategies.
    • This research contributes to the knowledge base for managing triathlon-related injuries.