Effect of glutamate on dendritic growth in embryonic rat motoneurons

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter for spinal motoneurons. We have investigated its effect on survival and neurite formation in cultures of highly enriched motoneurons from 15-d-old rat embryos. Whereas the survival of these neurons was not reduced by this treatment, a distinct and specific effect on dendrite outgrowth could be observed. Axon outgrowth was not affected by glutamate. Our data suggest that calcium influx via ionotropic AMPA/kainate (AMPA/KA) receptors is responsible for the regulation of dendrite outgrowth by excitatory neurotransmission. This was shown by the use of specific inhibitors for the different classes of glutamate receptors. The effect was reduced by continuous depolarization at 35 mM KCl and by treatment with joro spider toxin (JSTX-3, 3 microM), a blocker of Ca2+-conducting AMPA receptors. Removal of glutamate after 5 d of culture led to increased dendrite growth during the following culture period, and delayed addition resulted in a reduction in the length of already existing dendrites. Our observation that the effect is dose-dependent and reversible reflects a potential physiological function of excitatory neurotransmission on dendrite growth and morphology during a developmental period when synaptic contacts from afferent neurons to motoneurons are made in the spinal cord.