Migratory behaviour and desiccation tolerance of protostrongylid nematode first-stage larvae

Migration of first-stage larvae (L1) from faeces to soil is a crucial stage in the life-history of protostrongylids transmitted via land snails. Migration of Muellerius cf. capillaris and a Cystocaulus sp. L1 from fresh Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) faeces (48-50% water content, W.C.) to substrate soils (at 100% r.h., 26 degrees C) was measured experimentally using dry (3 +/- 1% W.C.), wet (31 +/- 0.43% W.C.) and flooded (48.4 +/- 2.45% W.C.) soils. The highest migration rates (90.4 +/- 1.6% migration) in both species occurred on flooded soils when the faecal pellet W.C. reached 90%. The next highest migration rates (43.2 +/- 3.6% migration, at 60% faecal W.C.) were on the wet soils and no migration occurred on dry soil or dry-substrate papers. Migration rates did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between species. Active Theba pisana were not infected by M. cf. capillaris L1 on dry infested soils, but were infected following rehydration of the same soils. By day 10, L1 of M. cf. capillaris demonstrated lower survival rates in water and in 97% and 76% r.h. (74.5%, 15.2% and 1.9%, respectively) than the Cystocaulus sp. (97.5%, 43.8%, 43.3%) and Protostrongylus sp. (97.9%, 43.2%, 23.8%, P < 0.05). All three nematodes had a remarkably high survival rate (> 99% overall survival, by day 10) when exposed directly to 0% r.h. at 23 degrees C. Results demonstrate the ability of L1 to survive extreme desiccation through anhydrobiosis. Migration of L1 from faeces to soil can take place only during rains which coincide with peak activity of land snails in desert habitat.