Nitric oxide in the rat spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia

To elucidate the involvement of nitric oxide in spinal nociceptive processing, the correlation of thermal withdrawal latency with nitric oxide synthase-stained neurons in the rat lumbar dorsal horn was analyzed after adjuvant-induced inflammation. From 4 hr through 5 days after subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the hind paw, a marked thermal hyperalgesia was observed for heat stimulus applied to the affected region. NADPH-diaphorase- and nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons increased significantly in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the inflamed hind paw at day 3 of adjuvant-induced inflammation. No change in NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons was observed at 1 hr and 1 day of adjuvant-induced inflammation. The intravenous administration of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, significantly blocked the adjuvant-induced thermal hyperalgesia at day 3 of inflammation, but not at day 1; and it had no effect in non-inflamed rats. This anti-hyperalgesic effect of L-NAME at day 3 of inflammation was reversed by the prior administration of L-arginine (600 mg/kg, i.p.), a substrate of nitric oxide synthase. These data suggest that nitric oxide producing neurons in the spinal dorsal horn are involved in maintaining and facilitating the hyperalgesia associated with chronic nociception.