Temporomandibular disorders: what the neurologist needs to know

Temporomandibular disorders are a complex group of conditions which are common causes of orofacial pain and are frequently associated with headaches. Because a wide variety of diseases can ultimately cause symptoms that result in dysfunction of the masticatory system, it is important for the clinician to establish an accurate diagnosis and rule out any serious neurologic pathology. Serious extra-articular conditions often can simulate the nonspecific symptoms of a temporomandibular joint disorder. A careful history and clinical examination of the head, neck, and cranial nerves are important in establishing a differential diagnosis. Diagnostic imaging and consultation with specialists in several disciplines are often necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate therapeutic regimen.