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Modeling developmental changes in strength and aerobic power in children

A M Nevill1, R L Holder, A Baxter-Jones

  • 1School of Human Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AK, United Kingdom.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|April 16, 1998
PubMed
Summary

The allometric model better describes children's developing strength and aerobic power than polynomial models. This model shows aerobic power scales with body mass, while strength also relates to body size and age, with sex-specific differences around peak height velocity.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Exercise Science
  • Human Growth and Development
  • Biomechanical Modeling

Background:

  • Understanding developmental changes in physical capabilities like strength and aerobic power is crucial for pediatric health and performance.
  • Previous models often used additive structures, which may not fully capture the complex interplay of factors like body size during growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare two distinct multilevel model structures—additive polynomial and multiplicative allometric—for describing longitudinal changes in children's strength and aerobic power.
  • To determine which model provides a superior fit and more biologically plausible representation of developmental trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from two published longitudinal studies on children's physical development.
  • Applied multilevel regression analyses comparing maximum log-likelihood criteria for model selection.

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  • Investigated the relationship between aerobic power, strength (quadriceps and biceps), body mass, age, and peak height velocity (PHV).

    • Main Results:

    • The multiplicative allometric model demonstrated superior fit compared to the additive polynomial model.
    • Aerobic power was found to develop proportionally to body mass (m1/3).
    • Quadriceps and biceps strength increased proportionally to body size, with an additional age-related component around PHV, exhibiting sex-specific patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • The allometric model provides a more accurate and plausible framework for analyzing developmental changes in children's physical fitness.
    • Boys show enhanced relative strength gains around PHV, whereas girls' relative strength gains are less pronounced or decrease for biceps.
    • These findings highlight the importance of considering body size allometry and age-sex interactions in pediatric exercise science.