The effect of working parameters on root substance removal using a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler in vitro

This study assessed defect depth and volume resulting from root instrumentation using a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler with a slim scaling tip in vitro. Combinations of the following working parameters were analyzed: lateral forces of 0.5 N, 1 N, and 2 N; tip angulations of 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees; power settings of low, medium and high; and instrumentation time of 10 s, 20 s, 40 s, and 80 s. Defects were quantified using a 3D optical laser scanner. Overall, lateral force had the greatest influence on defect volume compared to instrument power setting and tip angulation (beta-weights 0.49 +/- 0.04, 0.25 +/- 0.04, and 0.14 +/- 0.04, respectively). The effects on defect depth were highest for tip angulation followed by lateral force and instrument power setting (beta-weights 0.48 +/- 0.04, 0.34 +/- 0.04, and 0.25 +/- 0.04, respectively). Interestingly, at all power settings, the highest defect volume and depth by far were found after combining 45 degrees tip angulation with 2 N of lateral force. The efficacy of the assessed piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler may be adapted to the various clinical needs by adjusting the lateral force, tip angulation, and power setting. To prevent severe root damage it is crucial to use the assessed scaler at a tip angulation of close to 0 degrees.