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Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These divisions function antagonistically to maintain a dynamic...

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
During periods of fasting, the ENS initiates the migrating myoelectric complex, a program...

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of the GI tract...

Regulation of the Digestive System

Regulation of the Digestive System

Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
The effectors in this regulation system are glands and smooth muscles. Activation of these...

Gastric Phase of Digestion

Gastric Phase of Digestion

The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

Published on: May 28, 2009

Neural emergency system in the stomach

¹Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Gastroenterology

|April 18, 1998

Summary

Sensory neurons act as an emergency system, releasing peptides to protect the stomach lining from injury. This neural pathway enhances blood flow and activates protective mechanisms for healing.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Neuroscience
Physiology

Background:

Gastric mucosal integrity relies on rapid protective responses to injury.
Extrinsic afferent neurons form an emergency system activated by noxious stimuli like acid.
Capsaicin is a tool to study chemoceptive afferents and their role in gastric protection.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons in gastric mucosal protection.
To elucidate the mechanisms by which sensory nerves regulate gastric homeostasis.
To understand the contribution of neurogenic pathways to gastric defense and repair.

Main Methods:

Utilizing the excitotoxin capsaicin to selectively stimulate chemoceptive afferents.
Analyzing peptide release from peripheral nerve endings in the gastric wall.

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Investigating the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurokinin A (NKA) in gastric responses.

Examining the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) as a common messenger.

Studying autonomic reflexes controlled by sensory neurons.

Main Results:

Stimulation of chemoceptive afferents enhances gastric blood flow, promoting protection and repair.
CGRP and NKA, released by sensory neurons, mediate protective actions via specific receptors.
Nitric oxide acts as a common messenger for CGRP and NKA.
Capsaicin-sensitive neurons participate in autonomic reflexes controlling gastric secretion and motility.
A gastric hyperemic response to acid backdiffusion, signaled by afferent fibers, limits mucosal damage.

Conclusions:

Capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons play a crucial role in gastric mucosal defense and repair.
Neurogenic mechanisms involving CGRP, NKA, and NO are vital for maintaining gastric integrity.
The neural emergency system effectively protects the stomach from injury and facilitates healing.