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The interaction of liposomes with the complement system

J Szebeni1

  • 1Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100, USA.

Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems
|April 2, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Complement activation by liposomes is an intrinsic property of charged bilayers, not just antigenicity. This process impacts vesicle clearance and can cause adverse biological reactions, particularly in drug-carrier liposome applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Complement (C) activation by haptenized liposomes is a known method for studying membrane-protein interactions and in immunoassays.
  • Recent findings indicate that C activation by liposomes is an intrinsic property of charged phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers, independent of antigenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight that C activation by liposomes is an intrinsic property of charged bilayers.
  • To discuss the implications of liposome-induced C activation on vesicle clearance and potential adverse biological reactions.
  • To emphasize the relevance of C activation in the context of drug-carrier liposomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on complement activation by liposomes.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of complement activation (classical and alternative pathways).

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  • Discussion of the biological consequences of complement activation, including opsonization and anaphylatoxin release.

    • Main Results:

    • Complement activation by liposomes occurs intrinsically with charged bilayers, irrespective of antigenicity.
    • Activation pathways can involve classical and/or alternative routes, with or without antibodies.
    • Liposome properties significantly influence C activation and its consequences.
    • Opsonization enhances liposome clearance; C3a and C5a release can cause adverse reactions.

    Conclusions:

    • Liposome-induced complement activation is a critical factor influencing liposome behavior in vivo.
    • Understanding C activation is crucial for the safe and effective development of liposome-based drug delivery systems.
    • Cardiovascular and hematological changes seen with liposomes may be attributed to C activation.