Structural characterization of the mouse long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene and 5' regulatory region

Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) is one of four enzymes involved in the initial step of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of straight-chain fatty acids. It is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acad or ACAD) gene family of enzymes, which also includes very-long-chain (VLCAD), medium-chain (MCAD), and short-chain (SCAD) acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. These enzymes all have similar activity but differ only in the chain length specificity for their substrate. Mitochondrial beta-oxidation provides an important source of energy especially during times of fasting. In order to understand the role of LCAD in this pathway, we have cloned and characterized the entire mouse (Mus musculus) gene encoding LCAD (Acadl). Acadl is a single-copy, nuclear encoded gene approximately 35 kb in size. We have sequenced the entire coding region, all intron/exon boundaries, 1.7 kb of its 5' regulatory region, and mapped the transcription start site. The gene contains 11 coding exons ranging in size from 67 bp to 275 bp, interrupted by 10 introns ranging in size from 1.0 kb to 6.6 kb in size. The Acadl 5' regulatory region, like other members of the Acad family, lacks a TATA or CAAT box and is GC rich. This region does contain multiple, putative cis-acting DNA elements recognized by either SP1 or members of the steroid-thyroid family of nuclear receptors, which has been shown with other members of the ACAD gene family to be important in regulated expression. The characterization of the mouse Acadl gene will allow further study of LCAD in an in vivo model, and how its expression may be coordinated with other members of the Acad gene family.