[Elastic properties of triclinic crystals of lysozyme in anhydric acetonitrile]

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Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies
12:38

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies

Published on: April 11, 2021

E V Pozharskiĭ1, T A Zenchenko

  • 1Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.

Biofizika
|May 6, 1998
PubMed

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One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
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Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

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Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
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Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
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