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Frontal lobe functions and dysfunctions

E Niedermeyer1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Clinical EEG (Electroencephalography)
|May 8, 1998
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Frontal lobe functions, including personality and motor control, are linked to working memory. Deficits in this mechanism may explain conditions like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and seizures.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neurology

Background:

  • Frontal lobe syndromes, characterized by personality changes, have been recognized for over 150 years.
  • Recent advancements are beginning to elucidate the complex anatomophysiological mechanisms underlying these syndromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the prefrontal cortex in motor control, initiation, and planning.
  • To investigate the influence of the fronto-orbital cortex on motivation and inhibition.
  • To examine the connection between working memory and frontal lobe functions, including its potential role in conditions like ADHD and absence seizures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on frontal lobe anatomy and physiology.
  • Analysis of the functional roles of different frontal lobe regions (precentral, premotor, supplementary motor, prefrontal, fronto-orbital).

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  • Hypothesized mechanisms linking sensory input, working memory, and motor output.

    • Main Results:

    • The prefrontal cortex is crucial for initiating, planning, and sequencing motor actions, distinct from mere execution.
    • The fronto-orbital cortex modulates motivation and exerts inhibitory control, with impairment leading to disinhibition.
    • Working memory, supported by thalamic connections and sensory input, is identified as a keystone for prefrontal mental and motor functions.
    • Absence seizures may temporarily suspend working memory, facilitating frontal function recovery.

    Conclusions:

    • Working memory is central to prefrontal cognitive and motor control.
    • Disruptions in frontal lobe mechanisms, particularly working memory, are implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions.
    • A widened gap in working memory may underpin uniquely human cognitive abilities like reflection and cogitation.