Tracheostomy in the first year of life

Three series totaling 301 infants under 1 year of age who had tracheotomies during three successive decades are reviewed. The first series (62 infants) was seen prior to 1953, the second (86 infants) was seen between 1954 and 1963, while the latest series (153 infants) was seen between 1964 and 1973. A comparison of the three series with reference to etiology, incidence, indications, management, and mortality leads to significant conclusions. (1) The incidence of tracheotomy is increasing. More aggressive approach to many problems, previously considered inoperable, resulted in an increased number of infants undergoing tracheotomy for postintubation problems and ventilatory support. (2) The incidence of congenital malformations of the airway necessitating tracheostomy has remained constant, while the downward trend in the incidence of inflammatory conditions was reversed. (3) Infants in the latest series underwent tracheotomy, on the average, at a later age than the 1954 to 1963 series, largely as a result of the increased number of patients with cardiac anomalies undergoing corrective cardiovascular surgery and subsequent tracheotomy at a later age. (4) A review of the 77 deaths in the latest series again shows the death rate to be dependent on the underlying systemic condition which necessitated tracheotomy, rather than the tracheostomy itself. (5) The importance of temporary intubation to relieve respiratory obstruction in infants is stressed, while the significant laryngeal damage following prolonged intubation and delayed tracheotomy is apparent.