Load compensation as a function of state during sleep onset

Ventilation decreases and airway resistance increases with the loss of electroencephalogram alpha activity at sleep onset. The aim of this study was to determine whether reflexive load compensation is lost immediately on the loss of alpha activity. Six healthy male subjects were studied under two conditions (load and control-no load), in three states (continuous alpha, continuous theta, and immediately after a transition from alpha to theta), and in two phases (early and late sleep onset). Ventilation and respiratory timing were measured. A comparison of loaded with control conditions indicated that loading had no effect on inspiratory minute ventilation during continuous alpha (differential effect of 0.00 l/min) and only a small, nonsignificant effect in theta immediately after phase 2 transitions (0.31 l/min), indicating a preservation of load compensation at these times. However, there were significant decreases in inspiratory minute ventilation on loaded trials during continuous theta in phase 2 (0.77 l/min) and phase 3 (1.15 l/min) and during theta immediately after a transition in phase 3 (0.87 l/min), indicating a lack of reflexive load compensation. The results indicate that, because reflex load compensation is state dependent, state-related changes in airway resistance contribute to state-related changes in ventilation during sleep onset. However, this effect was slightly delayed with transitions into theta early in sleep.