Osteoclast differentiation requires ascorbic acid

Osteoclast differentiation assays are usually conducted in alpha minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM). We reasoned that determining which components of this media are critical for osteoclast differentiation might provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate osteoclast differentiation. This study demonstrates that ascorbic acid is the crucial component of alpha-MEM that stimulates differentiation of murine osteoclasts in cocultures with murine mesenchymal support cells. Thus, supplementation with ascorbic acid allows osteoclast differentiation to occur in basal MEM media as well as in RPMI-1640 and basal media Eagle (BME) media. The conclusion that osteoclast differentiation is stimulated by ascorbic acid was obtained whether osteoclast differentiation was induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone, whether ST2 or CIMC-2 cells were used as mesenchymal support cells, and whether osteoclast precursors were obtained from spleen or bone marrow. Time course studies revealed that although ascorbic acid only modestly increases the rate at which osteoclast precursors begin to express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, it strongly increases the rate at which precursors fuse into mature, multinucleated cells. Moreover, ascorbic acid strongly increases the life span of both osteoclasts and their precursors. The increases in precursor formation, fusion, and life span induced by ascorbic acid are together responsible for the stimulation of osteoclast differentiation by ascorbic acid. Given the known effects of ascorbic acid on differentiation of mesenchymal cells, it may stimulate osteoclast differentiation indirectly by regulating the differentiation state of the mesenchymal cells that support osteoclast differentiation.