[The history and current state of communication avoidance research]

The ability to communicate effectively has a profound impact on academic ability and social status in the United States. As such, communication avoidance may impart critical consequences on individuals who suffer from it. Within the communication discipline, communication avoidance is an extensive body of research with a relatively long history. Central to communication avoidance research is the concept of communication apprehension (CA). However, in comparison with research conducted in the United States, CA research in Japan remains in its genesis. This review thus focuses on communication apprehension and related constructs. Starting with an explanation of the magnitude of the problem of communication avoidance, a definition of CA is presented, and an overview of the related constructs of reticence, shyness, and other communication-related fears is introduced. Basic CA treatment programs and personality correlates of CA are also covered. The review closes by offering suggestions for future CA research in Japan.