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Related Experiment Videos

Drowning surveillance: how well do E codes identify submersion fatalities

G S Smith1, J D Langley

  • 1Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.

Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
|July 17, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Standard International Classification of Diseases external cause (E) codes miss many drowning deaths, impacting injury rate comparisons. Improved coding is vital for accurate vital statistics and injury prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Injury Prevention

Background:

  • International Classification of Diseases (ICD) external cause (E) codes are used to classify causes of death.
  • Accurate coding is essential for injury surveillance and prevention efforts.
  • Drowning is a significant public health concern globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the completeness of ICD E codes in identifying drowning deaths in New Zealand.
  • To determine how unclassified drowning deaths are coded.
  • To analyze trends in the proportion of unidentified drowning deaths over time.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mortality files from 1977-1992.
  • Electronic search of external cause of injury and poisoning codes (E800-E999) using the keyword 'drown'.

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  • Comparison of drowning deaths identified by specific drowning E codes versus all identified drowning deaths.

    • Main Results:

    • A total of 2718 drowning deaths were identified.
    • Using ICD E codes alone underestimated drowning deaths by 17.7%.
    • Most (65%) unclassified drownings were coded as motor vehicle traffic crashes; unidentified drownings remained constant, while coded drownings declined.

    Conclusions:

    • Standard ICD E codes for drowning are insufficient for complete identification of drowning-related fatalities.
    • Discrepancies in coding hinder international comparisons of injury rates.
    • Multiple cause coding and free-text narratives enhance vital statistics for injury prevention and international data comparability.