Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 1, 2026
A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Published on: May 9, 2012
Venous hemodynamics of the lower extremities in response to electrical stimulation
P D Faghri1, J J Votto, C F Hovorka
1School of Allied Health, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-2101, USA.
Objective:
To evaluate the calf muscle pump function using an air plethysmograph (APG) applied to the lower leg of subjects during three different tiptoe exercises.
Design:
A controlled trial design was selected to compare the hemodynamic effects of three exercise conditions on a group of able-bodied, healthy patients.
Setting:
Testing was performed in an outpatient clinic at a rehabilitation hospital.
Subjects:
Patient groups were selected from a convenience sample of 10 healthy volunteers with normal venous capacitance and no reflux, determined through impedance pleythysmography before the study.
Interventions:
Three exercise conditions undertaken by each subject consisted of loaded and unloaded lower leg muscle contractions produced by (1) voluntary contraction (VOL), (2) electrical stimulation of the gastocnemius-soleus and tibialis anterior muscles (ES), and (3) combined ES and VOL (ES/VOL).
Main Outcome Measure:
Hemodynamic measurements of venous filling index upon standing from the supine (VFI), ejection fraction (EF), ejection volume (EV), residual volume (RV), and residual volume fraction (RVF) were recorded after each protocol. These results were used to compare the lower leg hemodynamic effects of the treatments.
Results:
Combined ES/VOL single tiptoe exercise produced the highest EV (97.8mL), followed by VOL (80.6mL) and ES (51.7mL) (p < .0008). The EF was also highest for combined ES/VOL (73.1%), followed by VOL (64.5%) and ES (37.8%) (p < .0001). Ten tiptoe ES exercises produced the highest RV (96.2mL), followed by ES/VOL (44.7mL) and VOL (28.2mL) (p < .0001). RVF was also highest in the ES group (71%), followed by ES/VOL (33.4%) and VOL (22.8%) (p < .0001).
Conclusion:
Periodic single ES-induced calf muscle contractions produced significant muscle pump function and could be used to improve venous blood flow and reduce stasis in the lower leg. Continuous ES-induced contractions, on the other hand, could improve lower leg peripheral perfusion while eliciting the physiologic venous muscle pump. Higher RV and RVF after 10 ES-induced contractions in this sample of healthy subjects with normal VFI may be caused by an increase in arterial blood perfusion after repeated ES-induced contractions.
Related Concept Videos
01:11Pulse Assessment Sites
01:15Veins of Lower Limbs
Formed by the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, the posterior tibial vein, rising through the calf muscle, assimilates the fibular vein. The anterior tibial vein, a superior extension of the foot's dorsalis pedis vein, merges with the posterior tibial vein at the knee,...
01:27Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
01:21Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation