Differentiation of systemic infection and congenital obstructive left heart disease in the very young infant
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Published on: June 16, 2023
C B Pickert1, M M Moss, D H Fiser
1Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, USA.
Insights
Differentiating severe infant infections like sepsis from congenital obstructive left heart syndrome (COLHS) is challenging. Cardiomegaly is a key indicator, with a derived index showing high accuracy in distinguishing these critical conditions.
Area of Science:
- Neonatal Medicine
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Differentiating severe systemic infections (sepsis, meningitis) from congenital obstructive left heart syndrome (COLHS) in neonates is clinically challenging.
- Similar clinical presentations in infants can delay critical interventions like prostaglandin administration, increasing morbidity and mortality.
- Accurate early diagnosis is crucial for timely and appropriate management of these high-risk infants.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify historical, physical, and laboratory findings differentiating bacterial sepsis/meningitis from COLHS in neonates.
- To develop a predictive tool for distinguishing between sepsis and COLHS in critically ill infants.
- To improve diagnostic accuracy and expedite intervention for infants with COLHS.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of critically ill infants (0-28 days) with sepsis/meningitis or COLHS.
- Discriminant analysis to identify differentiating variables.
- Development of a COLHS index using multivariate modeling.
Main Results:
- Cardiomegaly predicted COLHS with 85% sensitivity and 95% specificity (PPV 0.95).
- A multivariate model incorporating 11 variables achieved 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity.
- The derived COLHS index accurately classified 62 out of 63 cases.
Conclusions:
- Early clinical suspicion of COLHS, guided by key parameters, can improve outcomes.
- The developed multivariate model offers a template for a more clinically useful diagnostic tool.
- Further research is needed to refine diagnostic capabilities for differentiating these conditions.
Background:
The differentiation of severe systemic infection, such as sepsis or meningitis, from a congenital obstructive left heart abnormality presents a unique challenge to clinicians responsible for the care of such infants in the first few weeks of life. Clinical findings are very similar in the two populations. Failure to identify the need for specific intervention, such as prostaglandin administration, by the primary care or emergency physician may result in increased morbidity or death in these infants.
Methods:
We undertook a retrospective review of critically ill infants 0 to 28 days of age presenting with either bacterial sepsis or meningitis or a congenital obstructive left heart syndrome (COLHS), in order to identify historical, physical, or laboratory findings which might differentiate the two groups at presentation. Discriminant analysis was performed using the presence or absence of COLHS as the dependent variable. A COLHS index was derived to determine its sensitivity and specificity for differentiating the two groups.
Results:
The presence of cardiomegaly predicted COLHS with 85% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Cardiomegaly had a positive predictive value for COLHS of 0.95. Unfortunately, most of the other variables which, individually or in combination, were significantly different between the two groups demonstrated poor sensitivity for prediction of the presence of obstructive left heart disease. Eleven of the predictor variables were chosen for inclusion in the multivariate model, and a COLHS index was developed which correctly classified 62/63 cases (98% sensitivity, 100% specificity).
Conclusions:
We conclude that while it is very difficult to differentiate these two groups at presentation, early clinical suspicion of COLHS with attention to key clinical parameters identified in this study may expedite appropriate intervention and enhance outcome. The multivariate model derived may provide a template from which further research can elucidate a more clinically useful tool for the clinician.
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