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Tuberculosis in captive exotic birds

R J Montali, M Bush, C O Thoen

    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
    |November 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Avian tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium, affected diverse bird species at the National Zoological Park. Diagnosis proved challenging, with pathology primarily impacting digestive organs and spleen.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Pathology
    • Avian Diseases
    • Mycobacterial Infections

    Background:

    • Avian tuberculosis poses a significant challenge in zoological collections.
    • Understanding clinical and pathological manifestations is crucial for disease management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To clinically and pathologically characterize avian tuberculosis in zoo birds.
    • To evaluate diagnostic methods for early detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 137 affected birds over a 7-year period (1969-1975).
    • Clinical observations, antemortem diagnostic tests (tuberculin, serologic, hematologic, radiographic), and postmortem pathological examinations.
    • Bacteriologic culture for Mycobacterium avium identification.

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    Main Results:

    • The disease affected 12 of 22 avian orders, with highest mortality at 4% in 1975.
    • Antemortem diagnostic methods were inconsistent and inconclusive.
    • Pathology predominantly involved digestive organs and spleen, with lesions ranging from histiocytic nodules to granulomas.
    • Amyloidosis observed in ~20% of cases; Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 isolated from 30 birds.
    • No sex predilection; adult birds (1-10 years) were most affected.

    Conclusions:

    • Avian tuberculosis is a complex disease in zoological settings with varied pathological presentations.
    • Current antemortem diagnostic tools require improvement for reliable early detection.
    • Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 is a key causative agent in affected avian populations.