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Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

Organization of the Nervous System

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Organization of the Brain

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

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Published on: December 18, 2016

Neurology was there in 1865

¹Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.

Archives of Neurology

|October 21, 1998

Summary

1865 marked the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, alongside major scientific breakthroughs in heredity, electromagnetism, and antiseptic surgery. Cultural and political landscapes also shifted significantly with technological advancements and international diplomacy.

Area of Science:

Science and Technology
Medicine
Genetics
Physics
Culture

Background:

The year 1865 represented a pivotal moment in American history, concluding the Civil War and leading to the abolition of slavery via the Thirteenth Amendment.
International relations saw shifts with a meeting between Bismarck and Napoleon III, signaling Prussian dominance in Germany.
Significant advancements in science and culture occurred globally, impacting various fields.

Observation:

Lister's work demonstrated the feasibility of antiseptic surgery, paving the way for major surgical innovations.
James Clerk Maxwell published his seminal treatise, unifying the understanding of electricity and magnetism.
Gregor Mendel formulated his fundamental laws of heredity, laying the groundwork for modern genetics.

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Last Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

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Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue

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Published on: November 19, 2016

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

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Louis Pasteur's research led to a method for curing silkworm disease, saving the silk industry.

Findings:

The successful completion of the Atlantic cable facilitated transatlantic communication.
Maxwell's treatise established foundational principles of electromagnetism.
Mendel's laws provided a quantitative framework for understanding inheritance patterns.
Pasteur's intervention protected a vital industry through scientific application.

Implications:

The scientific discoveries of 1865, including electromagnetism and heredity, profoundly influenced future technological and biological research.
Advances in antiseptic surgery revolutionized medical practices and patient outcomes.
The year also saw significant cultural contributions and geopolitical realignments, shaping the modern world.