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Normalized functioning in youths with persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

J Biederman1, E Mick, S V Faraone

  • 1Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|October 27, 1998
PubMed
Summary
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Many youths with persistent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show variable functioning, with normalization independent of symptom persistence. Factors like maternal psychopathology and impulsivity negatively impact normalized functioning in children with ADHD.

Area of Science:

  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Persistent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects youths' long-term functioning.
  • Understanding factors influencing functional outcomes in ADHD is crucial for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the normalization of functioning in youths with persistent ADHD.
  • To identify predictors of normalized functioning in school, social, and emotional domains.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective follow-up of 85 boys with persistent ADHD (DSM-III-R) and 68 controls into mid-adolescence.
  • Assessment of school, social, and emotional functioning at baseline and follow-up.
  • Normalization defined as achieving scores above the 5th percentile of the non-ADHD group.

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Main Results:

  • Sixty percent of boys with ADHD had intermediate functioning outcomes.
  • Twenty percent functioned poorly across all domains; 20% functioned well in all domains.
  • Maternal psychopathology, family size, psychiatric comorbidity, and impulsivity were negatively associated with normalization.

Conclusions:

  • Children with persistent ADHD exhibit variable adjustment in emotional, educational, and social domains.
  • Syndromatic persistence of ADHD and normalization of functioning appear partially independent.
  • Identifying factors associated with poor functioning can inform targeted support for ADHD.