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Related Concept Videos

Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
Setting Time of Cement01:12

Setting Time of Cement

The setting time of cement refers to the process of cement paste transitioning from a plastic state to a solid state. This process is crucial in construction as it dictates the timeframe for concrete placement, compaction, and finishing. The onset of this solidification is termed the initial set, indicating when the paste becomes unworkable. The final set is when the paste has solidified completely, and further handling or manipulation can no longer affect its shape. The cement strength is...
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create ettringite,...
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

The cement setting reaction in the CaHPO4-alpha-Ca3(PO4)2 system: an X-ray diffraction study

E Fernández1, F J Gil, S Best

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
|October 27, 1998
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated calcium phosphate cements (DCP-alpha-TCP). Increasing the calcium to phosphorus ratio promoted the formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) while decreasing dicalcium phosphate (DCP) peaks.

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Published on: May 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are widely used in bone regeneration.
  • Understanding the setting reactions of CPCs is crucial for optimizing their properties.
  • The CaHPO4-alpha-Ca3(PO4)2 (DCP-alpha-TCP) system is a common formulation for CPCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the setting reactions of DCP-alpha-TCP cements.
  • To analyze the influence of varying calcium to phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios on cement phase evolution.
  • To quantify phase changes using X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of DCP-alpha-TCP cement samples with diverse Ca/P ratios.
  • Setting of cement samples in Ringer's solution at 37°C for 24 hours.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to identify and quantify crystalline phases.

Main Results:

  • XRD analysis revealed a linear decrease in dicalcium phosphate (DCP) peak intensity with increasing Ca/P ratio.
  • A corresponding linear increase in the intensity of a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite [CDHA; Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5OH] phase was observed.
  • Alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) was not detected in any samples after 24 hours of setting.
  • A two-phase mixture XRD model successfully explained the observed peak height variations.

Conclusions:

  • The Ca/P ratio significantly influences the phase composition of DCP-alpha-TCP cements during setting.
  • The study demonstrates a predictable relationship between Ca/P ratio and the formation of DCP and CDHA.
  • The employed XRD method is suitable for studying the kinetics of other cement systems.