Papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (RET/PTC) alters the nuclear envelope and chromatin structure

Current evidence suggests the papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (RET/PTC) generates papillary thyroid carcinomas in one genetic step. We tested a resulting prediction that RET/PTC expression in thyroid epithelium should be sufficient to cause the changes in nuclear morphology diagnostic of this tumor. Primary cultures of human thyroid epithelial cells were infected with a RET/PTC retroviral construct. Morphological scoring by two independent cytopathologists shows RET/PTC expression by immunohistochemistry to be highly associated (p << 0.0001) with an irregular nuclear contour and a euchromatic appearance compared with non-expressing cells in the same cultures. The altered nuclear morphology is not due to gene transfer or transformation per se as primary thyroid cell cultures infected with a retroviral H-RAS construct differ from RET/PTC-infected cells by showing round nuclear envelopes and coarser chromatin, as determined by the independent scoring of two cytopathologists (p << 0.0001). In addition, RET/ PTC-transfected cells appear to disperse, whereas RAS-transfected cells grow as discrete colonies. The results provide additional support for the hypothesis that RET/PTC is sufficient to cause papillary thyroid carcinomas. A signaling pathway downstream of RET/ PTC leads to restructuring of the nuclear envelope and chromatin, and the signal does not depend entirely, if at all, on a RAS pathway.