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Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
Central sleep apnea
1Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic and Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Central sleep apnea involves the absence of airflow during sleep. This review covers its sensory aspects, neuronal defects, non-neurologic causes like COPD and heart failure, diagnosis, and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Sleep Medicine
- Neurology
- Respiratory Medicine
Background:
- Central sleep apnea is characterized by the absence of respiratory effort and airflow during sleep.
- Central hypopnea is a related condition involving reduced airflow.
- Understanding the pathophysiology is crucial for effective management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive review of central sleep apnea.
- To discuss the sensory components and neuronal defects involved.
- To explore non-neurologic causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of central sleep apnea.
- Analysis of sensory pathways and neuronal integration.
- Examination of associated conditions like COPD and congestive heart failure.
Main Results:
- Central sleep apnea has complex etiologies, including neurological and non-neurological factors.
- Defects in integrative and executive neurons contribute to the condition.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure are significant non-neurologic causes.
Conclusions:
- Central sleep apnea requires a multifaceted diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
- Addressing underlying conditions like COPD and heart failure is vital.
- Further research into neuronal mechanisms may yield novel treatments.
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