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Chronic renal replacement therapy in children: which index is best for adequacy?
E Verrina1, A Brendolan, R Gusmano
1Department of Nephrology, Istituto Gaslini, Genova, and Department of Nephrology, St. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
Insights
The Solute Removal Index (SRI) is a more reliable measure of dialysis adequacy in children than Kt/V. Integrating both indices is recommended for comprehensive pediatric dialysis assessment.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Nephrology
- Renal Replacement Therapy
- Dialysis Adequacy
Background:
- Established metrics like Kt/V and Solute Removal Index (SRI) assess dialysis adequacy in adults.
- The applicability of these parameters for comparing pediatric dialysis treatments remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate Kt/V and SRI as appropriate parameters for comparing different renal replacement therapies in children.
- To define adequacy targets for pediatric dialysis.
Main Methods:
- Prospective study of 22 pediatric chronic dialysis patients (ages 2-17).
- Patients were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), automatic nightly peritoneal dialysis (ANPD), or hemodialysis (HD).
- Urea kinetics and adequacy parameters were determined by measuring urea levels in dialysate, plasma, and urine.
Main Results:
- Hemodialysis (HD) showed higher urea clearance and weekly clearance compared to CAPD and ANPD.
- Weekly dialytic Kt/V was significantly higher in HD (3.75) than CAPD (1.78) and ANPD (2.37).
- Despite higher Kt/V in HD, the SRI% indicated lower efficiency compared to peritoneal dialysis techniques, potentially due to recirculation and sequestration.
Conclusions:
- The Solute Removal Index (SRI%) appears more reliable than Kt/V for assessing dialysis adequacy in pediatric patients.
- A combined approach integrating both Kt/V and SRI is strongly recommended for a comprehensive evaluation of pediatric dialysis.
Background:
The dialysis dose, Kt/V, and Solute Removal Index (SRI) have been proposed as tools to measure and compare adequacy of different renal replacement therapies in adults. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether the Kt/V and SRI could be appropriate parameters to compare different treatments and define adequacy targets in children.
Methods:
Twenty-two pediatric chronic dialysis patients (2 to 17 years) were prospectively studied. Six patients were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 7 patients were on automatic nightly peritoneal dialysis (ANPD), and 9 were on hemodialysis (HD). Patients had no peritonitis and were not hospitalized during the previous two months and, as proved by growth and subjective well being, were in steady state condition at the initiation of the protocol. As a consequence, the treatment delivered was assumed to be adequate and the prospective analysis was carried out within one month. Urea levels in dialysate, plasma and urine were measured to determine urea kinetics and measure adequacy parameters.
Results:
Instantaneous urea clearance was much higher when hemodialysis was used (124.67 +/- 32.04 ml/min) compared to CAPD (2.79 +/- 0.29 ml/min) and ANPD (6.60 +/- 1.42 ml/min), as expected. The Urea dialytic clearance per week was greater in HD (67320 +/- 17299 ml) than in CAPD(28144 +/- 2895 ml) and ANPD (29910 +/- 4234 ml). Residual renal function contributed to the overall weekly clearance by 47% in CAPD, while it was only by 19% in HD and 26% in ANPD. The overall weekly clearance was therefore 79,842 ml/week in HD, 53,340 ml/week in CAPD and 41,012 ml/week in ANPD. Weekly dialytic Kt/V results were much higher in HD (3.75) than in CAPD (1.78) and ANPD (2.37). To these values, the renal Kt/V was added, reaching the values of overall (dialytic + renal) weekly Kt/V of 4.53 in HD, 3.41 in CAPD and 3.41 in ANPD. Although higher Kt/V values were observed in HD, when the SRI % was considered, HD appeared to be less efficient compared with the other two techniques. Since postdialytic rebound in HD patients averaged 22.5%, we may speculate that hemodialysis in children is less efficient than continuous or daily peritoneal dialysis because of a remarkable cardipulmonary recirculation and solute sequestration.
Conclusion:
In the global evaluation, dialysis SRI% appears to be more reliable as an index of adequacy compared to Kt/V in children. At least an integration between the two indices is strongly recommended.