Using metaphor to read the organisation of the NHS. National Health Service

The paper is concerned with the complexity of the British National Health Service (NHS) as an organisation and with different ways of seeing this. Morgan proposes that explanations of organisational life are based on metaphors which highlight particular interpretations (Morgan, G., 1986, Images of Organisation. London, Sage). The ability to "read" a complex phenomenon depends on being able to see how these different aspects co-exist. The study applies metaphoric thinking to the organisation of the NHS. Utilising documentary data sources, a diagnostic reading is made examining different metaphors to highlight key aspects of the situation. The metaphors of machine and organism are drawn from Morgan's conceptual scheme, those of religion and marketplace are proposed as of particular relevance to the NHS. In the religious metaphor the focus is on the mission of the NHS in terms of its founding principles of universality, comprehensiveness, equality and collectivism. Perceived as a machine the NHS is characterised as an organisation originally based on technocratic rationality and its subsequent history interpreted as moving towards increasingly centralised control. An alternative perspective on the same events is considered in terms of the organic metaphor. In this view the NHS is examined as an open system, which is devolved, decentralised, participative and responsive to its environment. The image of the marketplace focuses on the impact on the organisation of the introduction of competition and incentives in the post-reform period. Other images are sketched briefly. In the critical evaluation the insights generated by the different images are assessed and the different interpretations linked together. It is concluded that metaphoric thinking enables us to appreciate and interpret the ambiguities and paradoxes in NHS organisational life.