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Body composition: overview

G B Forbes1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.

The Journal of Nutrition
|January 23, 1999
PubMed
Summary
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This review outlines various body composition techniques, detailing their assumptions, benefits, and drawbacks. Understanding these methods is crucial for accurate body fat and lean mass assessment.

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human Biology

Background:

  • Accurate body composition assessment is vital in clinical practice, sports science, and public health.
  • Numerous techniques exist, each with unique principles and limitations.
  • A clear understanding of these methods aids in selecting appropriate assessment tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of currently available body composition techniques.
  • To describe the fundamental assumptions underpinning each method.
  • To critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established and emerging body composition methodologies.
  • Categorization of techniques based on their underlying physical principles (e.g., densitometry, bioimpedance, imaging).

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  • Comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each method.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed descriptions of techniques including Hydrostatic Weighing, Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and others.
    • Discussion of assumptions related to hydration, tissue density, and body segmentation.
    • Identification of factors influencing accuracy, such as equipment, protocol, and population specificity.

    Conclusions:

    • No single body composition technique is universally superior; the choice depends on the application, resources, and desired accuracy.
    • Awareness of technique-specific assumptions and limitations is essential for valid interpretation of results.
    • Future research should focus on refining existing methods and developing novel, accurate, and accessible body composition assessment tools.