Analysis of nucleotides by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis is a useful tool for the analysis of nucleotides. Methods have been optimized for both CZE and MECC modes. A variety of CZE buffers, such as borate, carbonate and phosphate were used successfully. The pH of the buffer changes the charge on the nucleotides. Therefore, the selectivity of the analytes can be controlled by the acidity of the buffer solution. CE separations of nucleotides have been performed at all pH levels, in both CZE and MECC modes. SDS was the most commonly used modifier in MECC separations, but other additives have been added to optimize selectivity. In addition, nucleotides have been quantified in different matrices, including tissue and cell extracts and several DNA and RNA sources. This paper summarizes the methods used for the optimization of nucleotides by CE and includes the most recent techniques to improve selectivity, reproducibility and sensitivity. A summary of CE methods is used in analyses of nucleotides in biological matrices is included.