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Cigarette smoking and effects on menstrual function

G C Windham1, E P Elkin, S H Swan

  • 1Reproductive Epidemiology Section, California Department of Health Services, Emeryville, USA. gwindham@hw1.cahwnet.gov

Obstetrics and Gynecology
|January 23, 1999
PubMed
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Heavy smoking significantly impacts menstrual cycles, increasing the risk of shorter cycles and variability. This research used biologic measures to study smoking

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Women's Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Smoking is a prevalent behavior with known adverse health effects.
  • Menstrual cycle irregularities are common but often rely on self-reported data.
  • Biologic validation of menstrual cycle characteristics is crucial for accurate research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between smoking and menstrual function using objective biologic markers.
  • To quantify the impact of smoking on menstrual cycle length, variability, and ovulation.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving 408 women with daily urine collection and diaries.
  • Biologic assays of urinary steroid hormone metabolites to determine ovulation and cycle phases.
  • Smoking status verified by cotinine levels and diary data.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Heavy smoking (≥20 cigarettes/day) was linked to a nearly fourfold increased risk of short menstrual cycles (<25 days).
  • Mean menstrual cycle length was reduced by 2.6 days in heavy smokers, primarily due to shorter follicular phases.
  • Moderate to heavy smoking (≥10 cigarettes/day) correlated with increased variability in cycle and menses length.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking demonstrably alters menstrual function, affecting cycle length and regularity.
  • These menstrual changes may contribute to other reproductive issues linked to smoking, such as subfecundity and premature menopause.