Structure and function of C-CAM1. The first immunoglobulin domain is required for intercellular adhesion

Cell-CAM105 proteins (also called C-CAM) are epithelial cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. The sequences of C-CAM are highly homologous to those of human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-family proteins. In previous studies using baculoviral vectors, we showed that expression of the L-form cell-CAM105 (also called C-CAM1) in insect cells resulted in cell aggregation (Cheung, P. H., Thompson, N. L., Earley, K., Culic, O., Hixson, D., and Lin, S. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6139-6146). This result indicates that the insect-cell system is suitable for studying the adhesion function of C-CAM. Since C-CAM1 contains four extracellular Ig-domains, the structural features directly responsible for C-CAM1 adhesion function were investigated by site-directed deletion and expression in the baculovirus/insect cell system. Results from these studies indicated that the first Ig domain located in the NH2-terminal of C-CAM plays a crucial role in intercellular adhesion. Site-directed deletion producing mutants lacking the second, third, or fourth Ig domains had no effect on the adhesion function. In addition, adhesion function was retained when both the third and fourth Ig domains were deleted, although the adhesion activity was reduced to half that in control cells. However, simultaneous deletion of the second, third, and fourth domains abolished adhesion, suggesting that these domains affect the accessibility of the binding site localized in the first domain. In our previous studies, we showed that the cytoplasmic domains of C-CAM play a significant role in the isoforms' adhesion activity since expression of a C-CAM isoform containing only 6 instead of 71 amino acids intracellularly failed to show the adhesion phenotype (Cheung, P. H., Culic, O., Qiu, Y., Earley, K., Thompson, N., Hixson, D. C., and Lin, S.-H. (1993) Biochem. J. 295, in press). These results together suggest that both the cytoplasmic domain and the first N-terminal Ig-like domain are required for C-CAM-mediated cell adhesion activity.