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01:24Vision
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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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01:24Color Vision
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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01:15Depth Perception and Spatial Vision
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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03:06Reaction Mechanisms
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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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01:58Mechanical Protein Functions
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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.
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01:42What is Gene Expression?
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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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Expresión de opsin: nuevo mecanismo para modular la visión del color.
Christiana L Cheng1, Iñigo Novales Flamarique
1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
Nature
|March 19, 2004
Resumen
Los conos de salmón rosado del Pacífico pueden cambiar su sensibilidad a la luz (fenotipo espectral) a medida que envejecen. Esta plasticidad de los fotorreceptores permite que su visión del color se adapte a los cambios en los estilos de vida, un hallazgo que antes se pensaba imposible.
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Área de la Ciencia:
- Fisiología de la retina fisiología de la retina
- Ciencia de la visión Ciencia de la visión.
- Comportamiento animal Comportamiento animal.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los fotorreceptores cónicos tienen un fenotipo espectral fijo determinado por las proteínas de la opsina.
- En general, se supone que este fenotipo espectral es estático durante toda la vida de un animal.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para investigar la plasticidad de los fenotipos espectrales en fotorreceptores de cono.
- Para determinar si los fotorreceptores cónicos pueden alterar su sensibilidad a la luz durante la vida de un animal.
Principales métodos:
- Fenotipos espectrales examinados de conos individuales en el salmón rosado del Pacífico (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).
- Analizó la regulación de la producción de opsina en los fotorreceptores cónicos.
- Cambios correlacionados en el fenotipo espectral con el crecimiento y la edad de los peces.
Principales resultados:
- Demostró que los conos individuales en el salmón rosado del Pacífico pueden cambiar los fenotipos espectrales.
- Se observó un cambio de sensibilidad ultravioleta a azul.
- Se demostró que este interruptor está mediado por la producción regulada de opsina.
Conclusiones:
- Los fenotipos espectrales de fotorreceptores cónicos no son estáticos y pueden exhibir plasticidad.
- La plasticidad de los fotorreceptores en el salmón puede adaptar la visión del color a los cambios en la etapa de vida.
- Este hallazgo desafía las suposiciones anteriores sobre la naturaleza fija del ajuste espectral de los fotorreceptores.