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Periodic Classification of the Elements

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...

The Periodic Table

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...

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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally-occurring, and fewer still are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.The Periodic Table Provides Information about...

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Elementos súper pesados: un límite superior temprano del sistema solar para los elementos 107 a 110

S Nozette, W V Boynton

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|October 16, 1981

Resumen

El meteorito de hierro de Santa Clara contiene samario-152, lo que sugiere que los elementos superpesados existían en el sistema solar temprano. Esto limita su abundancia en relación con el uranio-238.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Cosmoquímica es la cosmoquímica.
La astrofísica nuclear es una astrofísica nuclear.
Ciencias planetarias Ciencias planetarias.

Sus antecedentes:

Los procesos nucleosintéticos del sistema solar primitivo no se comprenden por completo.
Se supone que los elementos superpesados (EPS) se forman a través de la captura rápida de neutrones (proceso r) u otras vías exóticas.
Los meteoritos proporcionan muestras cruciales para el estudio de las primeras condiciones del sistema solar.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para investigar el origen del samario-152 (152Sm) en el meteorito de hierro de Santa Clara.
Para restringir la abundancia de hipotéticos elementos superpesados en el sistema solar temprano.

Principales métodos:

Análisis cuantitativo de la abundancia de samario-152 en el meteorito de hierro de Santa Clara.
Modelado de la contribución de la fisión de elementos superpesados a la producción de 152Sm.
Cálculo de los límites superiores para las abundancias de elementos superpesados basados en los niveles observados de 152Sm.

Principales resultados:

Se determinó que la abundancia de samario-152 es de 108 x 107 átomos por gramo.
Si se atribuye a la fisión de los elementos superpesados (números atómicos 107-109), su abundancia se limita a 1,7 x 10−5 en relación con el uranio-238.
Para el elemento 110, el límite de abundancia es 3.4 x 10−5 en relación con el uranio-238.

Conclusiones:

La presencia de 152Sm en el meteorito de Santa Clara impone restricciones significativas a la abundancia de elementos superpesados en el sistema solar temprano.
Estos hallazgos sugieren que los elementos superpesados, si existieron, no se produjeron en cantidades suficientes para ser una fuente importante de ciertos isótopos.