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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Acoplamiento de la neurogénesis a la formación de circuitos

Ki-Jun Yoon1, Guo-Li Ming2, Hongjun Song3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

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|April 7, 2018
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Resumen

Los investigadores de la neurociencia descubrieron reglas simples que gobiernan el desarrollo del cerebro. Estas reglas explican cómo se forman los circuitos neuronales y los mapas visuales precisos en el sistema visual de la mosca de la fruta (Drosophila).

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia
  • Biología del desarrollo
  • Biología computacional

Sus antecedentes:

  • La formación de circuitos neuronales complejos requiere un control temporal, espacial y numérico preciso durante el desarrollo.
  • Comprender los programas de desarrollo subyacentes es una pregunta central en la neurociencia.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para revelar reglas simples de desarrollo que gobiernan la neurogénesis.
  • Comprender cómo estas reglas establecen mapas retinotópicos organizados en el sistema visual de Drosophila.

Principales métodos:

  • El estudio analizó la neurogénesis en el sistema visual de Drosophila.
  • Se investigaron las reglas de desarrollo que rigen la formación secuencial de células.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificó reglas simples de desarrollo que dictan la neurogénesis secuencial.
  • Demostró que estas reglas establecen simultáneamente mapas retinotópicos altamente organizados.

Conclusiones:

  • Reglas simples de desarrollo pueden explicar la formación precisa de circuitos neuronales complejos.
  • Los hallazgos proporcionan información sobre los mecanismos de desarrollo de la organización del sistema visual.