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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Transporto de electrones a través de un cuádruplex de triptófano en una azurina dimérica

Martin Melčák1,2, Jan Heyda1,2, Filip Šebesta1,3

  • 1J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague CZ-182 23, Czech Republic.

The journal of physical chemistry. B
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Un cuádruplex de triptófano facilita la transferencia de huecos de electrones (HT) en la azurina. Las simulaciones revelan distintos estados de carga y preferencias por la transferencia interfacial sobre la intramolecular, influenciadas por las moléculas de agua.

Palabras clave:
cuádruplex de triptófanotransferencia de huecos de electronesazurinainterfaz de proteínasimulaciones molecularestransferencia de electronesmoléculas de agua

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biofísica
  • Bioquímica
  • Química Computacional

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las interfaces de proteínas desempeñan papeles cruciales en la transferencia biológica de electrones.
  • Los residuos de triptófano son actores clave en la mediación de la transferencia de electrones dentro de las proteínas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el papel de un cuádruplex de triptófano en la mediación de la transferencia de huecos de electrones (HT) en una interfaz proteína-proteína.
  • Caracterizar los intermedios y las vías de HT en una constructo de azurina dimérica.

Principales métodos:

  • Simulaciones de mecánica molecular/dinámica molecular (MM/MD) y mecánica cuántica/mecánica molecular/dinámica molecular (QM/MM/MD).
  • Análisis de distancias indol-indol, acoplamientos electrónicos y potenciales electrostáticos.
  • Búsqueda en el Protein Data Bank (PDB) de motivos estructurales similares.

Principales resultados:

  • El cuádruplex de triptófano media la transferencia de huecos de electrones (HT) intramolecular e interfacial de 8 a 11 ns después de la fotooxidación.
  • Las simulaciones identificaron cuatro estados oxidados distintos con carga localizada en indoles individuales de triptófano.
  • La transferencia de electrones interfacial se favorece cinética y energéticamente sobre la transferencia intramolecular.
  • Las moléculas de agua que solvatan en la interfaz apoyan la transferencia de electrones.

Conclusiones:

  • Los cuádruplexes de triptófano son importantes para mediar la transferencia de electrones en las interfaces de proteínas.
  • Las características estructurales y dinámicas del cuádruplex y su entorno de solvatación dictan la eficiencia de la transferencia.
  • Los cúmulos de cuatro triptófanos son comunes en las oxidorreductasas, lo que sugiere un motivo funcional conservado.