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間接的な罰と,見知らぬ人に対する寛大さ.
Aljaz Ule1, Arthur Schram, Arno Riedl
1Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision-Making (CREED), University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 11, 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands. a.ule@uva.nl
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 19, 2009
まとめ
間接的な報酬と罰は協力関係を維持する. 見知らぬ人を褒めること.
科学分野:
- 行動経済学は,行動経済学である.
- 社会心理学 社会心理学とは
- 進化論的なゲーム理論
背景:
- 関係のない人間同士の協力は複雑な現象である.
- 人々が他者への親切のために見知らぬ人に報いる間接的報酬は,協力関係を維持するために理論化されています.
- 間接的な報酬の出現は,直接的な個人的な利益なしに,報酬者が負担するコストのために不思議です.
研究 の 目的:
- 異なる協力戦略に関連する報酬を実験的に調査する.
- 脱退よりも間接的な報酬が優先される条件を決定する.
- 協力の維持における間接的な刑罰の役割を評価する.
主な方法:
- 戦略ゲームをプレイする参加者を含む実験設計.
- 実施された戦略に基づく個々の報酬の観察.
- 処罰の可能性のある状況とない状況における結果の分析.
主要な成果:
- 不親切な行為に対する処罰がない場合,脱退は最高の報酬をもたらす.
- 間接的な罰が可能な場合,間接的な報酬が最も収益性の高い戦略になります.
- 間接的な罰は,めったに使われない場合や,個人の報酬が低い場合でも,協力を維持するために不可欠です.
結論:
- 間接的な罰は,間接的な報酬と協力の長期的な成功の鍵となるメカニズムです.
- 罰の頻度ではなく,処罰の可能性が,協力的行動を誘発する.
- これらのダイナミクスを理解することは,人間の協力の進化を説明するために不可欠です.
関連する概念動画
01:03Altruism
Altruistic behaviors are “unselfish” behaviors—those that help another individual at the expense of the individual carrying out the behavior. Despite the negative consequences for the altruistic animal, these behaviors are thought to have evolved for several reasons.
01:55Egoism and Altruism
Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people is called prosocial behavior. Why do people help other people? Is personal benefit such as feeling good about oneself the only reason people help one another?
01:52Persuasion Strategies
Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
01:27Punishment
Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.
02:34Empathy
Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor.
00:57Inclusive Fitness
Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.