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相关概念视频

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.5K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.5K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.2K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.2K
Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

3.5K
For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
3.5K
Polymers: Defining Molecular Weight01:01

Polymers: Defining Molecular Weight

2.9K
Unlike small molecules with definite molecular weights, polymers are a mixture of individual polymer chains of varying lengths, each with a unique molecular weight.  So, the molecular weight of a polymer is expressed as an average value based on the average size of the polymer chains. The two most common forms of averages used for polymers are the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight.
The number average molecular weight (Mn) is the summation of the number...
2.9K
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving01:29

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving

81
Mechanistic models play a crucial role in algorithms for numerical problem-solving, particularly in nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NMEM). These models aim to minimize specific objective functions by evaluating various parameter estimates, leading to the development of systematic algorithms. In some cases, linearization techniques approximate the model using linear equations.
In individual population analyses, different algorithms are employed, such as Cauchy's method, which uses a...
81

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相关实验视频

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

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对于具有未知输入的批量聚合反应器的智能建模.

Zhuangyu Liu1, Xiaoli Luan1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

本研究引入了一种使用预期最大化 (EM) 算法来建模批量聚合反应器的新递归方法,通过识别未知的输入和减少错误来提高准确性.

关键词:
批量聚合反应堆批量聚合反应堆智能建模 智能建模 智能建模过程故障过程故障递归期望-最大化算法传感器数据 传感器数据国家估计估计.

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Author Spotlight: Real-Time Imaging of Bonding in 3D-Printed Layers

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

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Author Spotlight: Real-Time Imaging of Bonding in 3D-Printed Layers
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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科学领域:

  • 化学工程是化学工程的重要组成部分.
  • 过程控制 过程控制
  • 系统识别系统识别系统

背景情况:

  • 批量聚合反应堆的建模对现有的系统识别技术提出了重大挑战.
  • 智能建模方法对于准确地表示和控制这些复杂的过程至关重要.
  • 未知输入 (UI) 可能来自建模不准确或过程故障,使反应堆建模复杂化.

研究的目的:

  • 开发一种新的递归方法,用于识别批量聚合反应堆的准确模型.
  • 具体地解决和估计反应堆模型中的未知输入 (UI).
  • 提高批量聚合反应堆模型的精度和可靠性.

主要方法:

  • 提出了一个递归期望最大化 (EM) 算法,其中包括一个E步和一个M步.
  • E-step 循环计算 Q 函数,使用最大概率估计和 Kalman 过来估计状态.
  • M-step通过递归的Q函数的本地优化为UI找到分析解决方案.

主要成果:

  • 提出的递归EM算法被应用于模型批量聚合反应堆.
  • 性能与增强状态卡尔曼波器 (ASKF) 相比使用根平均平方误差 (RMSEs) 进行了评估.
  • 与ASKF相比,递归EM方法实现了至少6.52%较低的RMSE,证明了卓越的准确性.

结论:

  • 新的递归EM算法有效地模拟批量聚合反应堆,准确估计未知的输入.
  • 拟议的方法比ASKF等现有技术提供了更好的性能.
  • 这种方法提供了一个强大的工具,可以提高对聚合过程的理解和控制.