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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body...
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Toroids01:27

Toroids

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A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single  conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of  multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
When connected to a supply, the magnetic field generated in the toroid has field lines circular and concentric to its axis. Conventionally, the direction of this magnetic field is expressed using the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand curl in the current direction, the thumb...
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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一个体源及其用于评估非初级辐射的应用.

Han-Long Cheng1,2, Jin-Long Wang3, Xiao-Yun Wang2

  • 1University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China.

Physics in medicine and biology
|August 7, 2023
PubMed
概括

质子疗法系统需要对非初级辐射剂量进行评估,以确保患者的安全. 这项研究开发了一种蒙特卡洛方法和一种新的体源模型来评估辐射水平,发现它们与IEC P-Cure系统的标准很相符.

关键词:
弗鲁卡 弗鲁卡 弗鲁卡 弗鲁卡蒙特卡罗的蒙特卡罗是一个非常好的城市.其他非初级辐射.质子疗法是一种质子疗法.体源的源头是多体.

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科学领域:

  • 医学物理 医学物理
  • 辐射瘤学 辐射瘤学
  • 粒子加速器技术 粒子加速器技术

背景情况:

  • 来自质子疗法的非主辐射可以增加长期幸存者的二次恶性瘤风险.
  • 与IEC标准相比,评估非初级辐射剂量水平对于质子疗法系统的质量至关重要.
  • 与光子疗法不同的是,质子疗法系统具有多个子系统,可以产生非初级辐射.

研究的目的:

  • 开发一种系统的方法来评估来自质子疗法系统的非初级辐射剂量水平.
  • 评估P-Cure基于同步离子的质子疗法系统的辐射安全性.
  • 为准确的光束损失和非初级剂量评估引入一种新型的体源模型.

主要方法:

  • 蒙特卡洛 (MC) 模拟使用FLUKA代码模拟P-Cure系统中的7个辐射源.
  • 开发和应用一个新的体源模型来定义轨道外粒子轰炸.
  • 与计划剂量相比,不同区域 (15-50厘米和50-200厘米) 的非初级剂量的计算.

主要成果:

  • 来自所有建模来源的非初级剂量明显低于IEC要求.
  • 基于同步子的P-Cure质子疗法系统证明了清洁和对患者友好的辐射特征.
  • 研究得出的结论是,对于这个系统来说,加速器和患者之间的内部屏蔽混凝土是不必要的.

结论:

  • 开发的MC程序和体源模型提供了一种可行的方法,用于评估基于同步的质子疗法中的非初级辐射.
  • 这些发现证实P-Cure系统符合IEC标准,确保了患者的安全.
  • 体源模型在曲磁铁等各种加速器组件中对剂量评估具有广泛的适用性.