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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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采用证据的瓶问题

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此摘要是机器生成的。

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科学领域:

  • 公共政策 公共政策
  • 行为经济学是一种行为经济学.
  • 政府创新政府创新

背景情况:

  • 政府越来越多地使用随机对照试验 (RCT) 来评估政策创新.
  • 了解政策制定如何纳入这些试验的证据仍然有限.

研究的目的:

  • 调查影响采用基于证据的干预措施的因素,通过美国城市的RCT进行测试.
  • 在政府主导的RCT之后,确定政策采用的预测因素.

主要方法:

  • 美国30个城市的73个RCT的分析与国家Nudge Unit合作进行.
  • 基于证据的强度,城市特征和实施方法,对采用率的统计检查.

主要成果:

  • 在27%的评估RCT中,nudge治疗被采用到城市通信中.
  • 证据的强度和城市特征是采用的弱预测因素.
  • 使用先前存在的沟通道实施的RCT显示,与使用新沟通道的RCT相比,采用率显著更高.

结论:

  • 采用经过测试的政策创新主要取决于实施可行性,而不是科学证据的强度.
  • 组织惯性,有利于与现有基础设施的整合,显著影响政策采用决策.
  • 未来的政策创新应该考虑现有通信系统在成功整合中的作用.