Activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system on endothelial cells

For more than two decades, it has been known that activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system only occurs when it is exposed to artificial, negatively charged surfaces. The existence of physiological, negatively charged surfaces has, however, never been demonstrated in vivo. In this report, we describe current knowledge about how the proteins of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system interact with and become activated on cell membranes. In this model, activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system on endothelial cells is not initiated by factor XII autoactivation, as seen on artificial surfaces. On endothelial cells, plasma prekallikrein is activated by a membrane-associated cysteine protease. This activation is dependent on the presence of high molecular weight kininogen and an optimal zinc (Zn2+) concentration. Although the initiation of activation of plasma prekallikrein is independent of factor XII, kallikrein-mediated factor XIIa generation, in turn, accelerates the activation of the system. Further kallikrein formed on endothelial cell membranes is capable of cleaving its receptor and native substrate, high molecular weight kininogen, liberating bradykinin and terminating activation. In addition, the kallikrein formed on the surface of endothelial cells results in kinetically favorable activation of prourokinase and, subsequently, plasminogen. Activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system on endothelial cells proceeds by a physiological mechanism to initiate cellular fibrinolysis independent of plasmin, fibrin, and tissue-type plasminogen activator.