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Related Experiment Videos

Long-term codeine use is associated with depressive symptoms.

M K Romach1, B A Sproule, E M Sellers

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada. myroslava.romach@utoronto.ca

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
|August 10, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Long-term codeine use often leads to dependence, with 41% of users meeting DSM-IV criteria. Many users also experience depression and other mental health issues, suggesting mood states may drive continued codeine use.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Codeine-containing products are widely used for extended periods.
  • Chronic use patterns and associated health issues require characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of long-term codeine use.
  • To assess the prevalence of codeine dependence and mental health problems in chronic users.

Main Methods:

  • A community survey was administered to long-term codeine users (>6 months).
  • Participants were recruited via newspaper advertisements and completed mailed questionnaires.
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria were used to assess dependence.

Main Results:

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  • A 70% response rate was achieved with 339 completed questionnaires.
  • Codeine dependence or abuse was identified in 41% of respondents.
  • Two-thirds of subjects reported seeking help for mental health issues, primarily depression (70%).
  • Symptom Checklist-90 subscales showed modestly elevated scores, particularly for depression.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term codeine consumption is significantly linked to dependence.
  • Depression and depressive symptoms are prevalent among chronic codeine users.
  • Dysphoric mood states may play a crucial role in sustaining long-term codeine use.