Treatment changes in prostatic hyperplasia and cancer, including androgen deprivation therapy and radiotherapy

Substantial and characteristic changes occur in the microscopic appearance and immunophenotype of the hyperplastic prostate and adenocarcinoma following androgen deprivation therapy and radiotherapy. These changes are rarely seen in untreated cancer, and in the authors' opinion, the combinations of features following therapy are sufficiently distinctive to warrant recognition. Pathologists must be aware of these distinct changes because of the reliance placed on nuclear and nucleolar size in the identification of prostate cancer, particularly in small specimens and lymph node metastases.