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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
10:50

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

Emerging recombinant human immunodeficiency viruses: uneven representation of the envelope V3 region.

B Renjifo1, P Gilbert, B Chaplin

  • 1Harvard AIDS Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6017, USA.

AIDS (London, England)
|October 6, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Recombinant HIV-1 genomes are common in infants in Tanzania, with specific V3 regions from subtypes A or C consistently selected in A-D and C-D recombinants, suggesting reduced fitness of subtype D-V3 for perinatal transmission.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
10:50

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Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

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Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
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Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) exhibits significant genetic diversity, with multiple subtypes circulating globally.
  • Intersubtypic recombination is a recognized phenomenon in HIV-1 evolution, contributing to viral genetic diversity.
  • Understanding recombination patterns is crucial for tracking viral evolution and transmission dynamics, particularly in high-prevalence regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the probability of specific HIV-1 envelope V3 regions from subtypes A, C, and D being present in intersubtype recombinant genomes.
  • To analyze the genomic composition of HIV-1 recombinants in infants infected perinatally in Tanzania.
  • To assess potential selection pressures favoring certain viral regions during intersubtype recombination and transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed on envelope C2-C5 and gag p24-p7 regions from 100 HIV-1 positive infants in Tanzania.
  • Exact binomial and Fisher's exact tests were employed to determine statistical significance of regional overrepresentation in recombinant genomes.
  • Sequence data was analyzed to identify the origins of different genomic segments within intersubtype recombinants.

Main Results:

  • Of 100 infants, 37% harbored intersubtype recombinant HIV-1 genomes.
  • The V3 region from subtype A was present in all analyzed A-D recombinants (P = 0.00003), and the V3 region from subtype C was present in all C-D recombinants (P = 0.0002).
  • Subtype D gag sequences were preferentially found in A-D and C-D recombinants, while subtype A V3 regions were typically associated with subtype A C3-C5 sequences, and subtype C V3 regions with subtype D C3-C5 sequences in C-D recombinants.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient transmission of recombinant HIV-1 viruses to infants in Tanzania was demonstrated.
  • Consistent selection of subtype A or C V3 regions in A-D and C-D recombinants suggests a potential fitness advantage over subtype D V3 during perinatal transmission.
  • The high prevalence of transmitted recombinants indicates that co-infection or super-infection with multiple HIV-1 subtypes is common in this population.