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Viruses, cancer and AIDS.

R A Weiss1

  • 1Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 46 Cleveland Street, London, UK. r.weiss@ucl.ac.uk

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
|November 27, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Patients with AIDS face higher risks of lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. These cancers are linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), with HIV indirectly increasing risk through immune suppression.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have an increased risk of developing lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.
  • These malignancies are frequently associated with gamma herpesviruses, specifically Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).
  • A subset of AIDS-related lymphomas does not exhibit infection by either EBV or HHV-8.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the etiological roles of EBV and HHV-8 in AIDS-related cancers.
  • To understand the indirect mechanisms by which Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) contributes to cancer development.
  • To compare the oncogenic pathways driven by viral latency versus HIV-induced immunosuppression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AIDS-related malignancies and viral associations.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of viral latency and gene expression in tumor cells.
  • Examination of the role of immune suppression in cancer pathogenesis in HIV-infected individuals and transplant recipients.

Main Results:

  • EBV and HHV-8 are found latent within tumor cells, expressing genes that promote cell proliferation.
  • HIV acts as a significant risk factor indirectly by causing profound immune suppression.
  • Immunosuppressed transplant patients share similar risks for these tumors, highlighting the role of immune status.

Conclusions:

  • Gamma herpesviruses (EBV, HHV-8) play a direct role in the oncogenesis of certain AIDS-related tumors.
  • HIV's primary contribution to lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma risk is through indirect immune suppression.
  • Understanding these viral and immune mechanisms is crucial for managing and preventing these cancers in immunocompromised populations.

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