Activation of the cholinergic system of the striatum improves attention to conditioned reflex stimuli

Chronic experiments were performed on 16 dogs using a model of an operant defensive reflex associated with maintenance of a flexion pose to study the effects of uni- and bilateral microinjections of the acetylcholine agonist carbacholine (0.05-0.4 microg) and the choline receptor blocker scopolamine (0.5 microg) into the dorsolateral part of the head of the caudate nucleus and CM-Pf intralaminar thalamic nuclei. These experiments produced data showing that the cholinergic system of the striatum has an important role in realizing the sensory and motor components of the learned movement. Activation of the cholinergic system of the dorsal striatum led to general calming of behavior and inhibition of intersignal limb elevation and the phasic components of the movement, along with ordering and stabilizing of the pose and an increase in the tonic component of the operant response. This suggests that the cholinergic system of the striatum receives an indirect efferent output via motor structures and takes part in preparing the motor apparatus needed for transferring attention to significant stimuli. Microinjections of scopolamine had the opposite effects. Use of differential signals in the same behavioral model, along with special tests for attention, showed that the cholinergic system of the striatum plays an important role in the sensory control of attention. Activation of the striatal cholinergic system led to a significant improvement in responses to differential signals and defensive signals of intensity 2-3 times slower than normal signals, and these changes were accompanied by clearer responses in special tests for attention. Scopolamine microinjections had the opposite effects. Carbacholine microinjections into the intralaminar thalamic nuclei potentiated the effects of cholinergic activation of the striatum. These data indicate that the dorsal striatum can be regarded not only as a parallel level of information processing, but also as a control system for passing this information to various levels of both sensory and motor structures. One important result of this type of control may be that of improving attention to significant stimuli.