Estimation of the dietary vitamin A requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon

Two growth experiments were conducted to estimate the minimal dietary vitamin A requirement for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. In expt. 1, purified diets containing 0, 1,500, 3,000, 15, 000, 30,000, 45,000 and 60,000 retinol equivalent (RE)/kg (i.e., 0, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, 200,000 IU/kg) of supplemental vitamin A (retinyl acetate) were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.97 +/- 0.01 g) for 8 wk. In expt. 2, diets with 0, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,400, 3,000, 3,600, and 4,500 RE/kg (i.e. , 0, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000, 10,000, 12,000, 15,000 IU/kg) of supplemental vitamin A were fed to the shrimp (mean weight 0.68 +/- 0.01 g) for 6 wk. The basal unsupplemented diet contained 54 RE vitamin A/kg, and supplemental levels were confirmed by analysis. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. In expt. 1, shrimp fed diets supplemented with 300 RE vitamin A/kg had significantly greater weight gain (P < 0.05) than those fed the unsupplemented control diet and diets supplemented with >===" BORDER="0">30,000 RE vitamin A/kg. Survival rate was higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 1,500-30,000 RE vitamin A/kg than shrimp fed the control diet. Highest blood triglyceride concentration and body lipid concentration were in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 45,000 and 60,000 RE vitamin A/kg, respectively. Eye vitamin A concentration and hepatopancreatic total lipid concentration in shrimp generally increased as dietary vitamin A supplementation increased. In expt. 2, feed efficiency was highest in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 2,400, 3,000, 3,600 and 4,500 RE vitamin A/kg, followed by shrimp fed diets with 600 and 1,200 RE vitamin A/kg and finally the unsupplemented control group. Shrimp fed diets supplemented with vitamin A had significantly higher survival percentages than those fed the unsupplemented control diet. Weight gain percentage of the shrimp analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the minimal dietary vitamin A concentration in growing P. monodon is 2,511 RE/kg ( approximately 8, 400 IU/kg).