Sonographic methods to detect fetal anemia in red blood cell alloimmunization

Published reports, case studies, and articles from the English language regarding ultrasonographic detection of fetal anemia in red blood cell alloimmunization were obtained from a MEDLINE search from 1966 to November 1999 using the keywords Rh disease, hemolytic disease of the newborn, ultrasound, and Doppler flow studies and combinations thereof. All articles were cross-referenced. Ultrasound techniques including early findings associated with immune hydrops fetalis, multiple morphologic ultrasound markers, and Doppler flow studies that have been used to detect fetal anemia are reviewed and critically evaluated. Noninvasive sonographic techniques may reduce the number of invasive procedures that traditionally are used to follow fetuses at risk for anemia and decrease the associated risks from these procedures.