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Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD
Published on: October 10, 2012
Understanding and treating PTSD: past, present, and future
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
Abstract:
After highlighting historical perspectives of posttraumatic stress symptoms, the authors describe PTSD's diagnostic features, frequent co-occurring symptoms and psychiatric disorders, and risk factors for developing this often chronic and disabling illness. In addition, they summarize research findings on the neurobiology of PTSD, including changes in neurotransmitters, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic reactivity, and differences in brain structure and function. Finally, they present psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments, concluding that current clinical practice favors a combination of these two types of treatment, tailored to the patient's needs.
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