Potential exposure of hands inside protective gloves-a summary of data from non-agricultural pesticide surveys

The results of individual surveys are compared and general observations are made about the protective nature of protective gloves. A total of 190 measurements of contamination by involatile components of pesticide products were made inside the gloves. Protective gloves were nearly always found to be contaminated inside, except for public hygiene insecticide uses. Disposable gloves were sometimes used when applying public hygiene insecticides, while gloves worn for other applications were normally re-used. The data suggest that when expressing inner glove exposure as 'amount of product per unit time', the data distributions of the non-zero results appeared similar for all activities except for the application of antifoulings. A median value for all non-zero data was indicated at 1.36mg product per minute; a 75th percentile at 4.21mg min(-1) and a 95th percentile at 71.9mg min(-1), assuming product densities of 1.0g ml(-1). In default of better information, these indicators can be used in health-based risk assessment. A further 47 data related to exposure inside new gloves, and 21 data to deposition on outer gloves. These indicate that in general, gloves provide a reasonable degree of protection to non-agricultural pesticides. Due regard should be paid to 'human factors' when considering contamination inside gloves. When people take off dirty gloves, it is difficult to avoid touching the glove exterior. With gloves off, the subject can touch contaminated surfaces. Donning dirty gloves furnishes an inevitable contact with contamination on the outside of the gloves, and can introduce that contamination inside. A common mode of contamination could contribute to the similar distributions for hand contamination inside gloves, from very different uses.