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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
Published on: April 23, 2019
Quantitation of morphine and codeine in human urine using high-filed asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
M A McCooeye1, B Ells, D A Barnett
1Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Abstract:
Morphine and codeine have been identified and measured in a human urine matrix using high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) in a tandem combination with electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The addition of helium to the nitrogen carrier gas resulted in a substantial improvement in the sensitivity of the ESI-FAIMS-MS instrument for the determination of morphine and codeine. Limits of detection in human urine were 60 ng/mL for morphine and 20 ng/mL for codeine with no clean-up, derivatization, or chromatographic separation of the sample prior to analysis.

